The unique precise molecular recognition capability and sequence programmability, combined with its good biocompatibility and biodegradability, impart the DNA molecule considerable potential for use in the construction of multifunctional materials. A chain of nucleotides is called a polynucleotide or a nucleic acid.Research has shown that the DNA molecule can not only store genetic information but also serve as a polymeric biomolecule for the fabrication of functional materials. Nucleic acids are composed of monomers called nucleotides. They can also store energy. Likewise, people ask, what type of molecule stores and transmits genetic information Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store and transmit hereditary information.
Store And Transmit Genetic Information Series Of DNA
This ensures that both daughter cells inherit the complete set of genetic information from the parent cell.In the past few decades, remarkable progress has been made in the research pertaining to the DNA biomolecule. First, information stored in the DNA molecule must be copied, with minimal errors, every time a cell divides. In order for DNA to function effectively at storing information, two key processes are required. They include:Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Ribonucleic acid (messenger,transfer) (RNA)proteins (in the case of prions. Although challenges still exist regarding the real applications of DNA-based materials such as the high cost of DNA, the difficulty in scale-up, and the low resistance to nuclease, we believe that these drawbacks will be overcome with the development of technology, and new opportunities will emerge in the field of diagnosis and treatment.Nucleic acids are carbon compounds that store and transmit genetic information. Recently, we have developed a series of DNA-based materials that can be applied in diagnosis and therapy, and this review summarizes the relative work.
In this context, we had earlier concentrated nucleic acids in clay hydrogel to mimic the confinement function of cells in a cell-free system (Fig. In addition, genetic information can be translated to protein, which has been demonstrated in cell-free systems. As a genetic molecule, DNA can transmit genetic information from generation to generation owing to its capacity to self-replicate. The DNA double helix structure was demonstrated by Watson and Crick in 1953.
We observed that the eGFP protein was expressed only in the droplets encapsulating the plasmid/clay hydrogel. In this system, we used the microfluidic droplet technology to prepare plasmid-binding clay microgel beads in a modular manner. We also fabricated a clay microgel as an artificial cell and incorporated plasmid DNA into it to achieve efficient protein production (Fig. The work implicated the importance of localized concentration and protection of biomolecules in early life evolution.
For example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the common techniques used for the rapid amplification of a specific DNA molecule in vitro, which can produce more than a million target DNA molecules in a few hours. Moreover, DNA amplification technology is a powerful method that can be used to construct DNA-based materials. Furthermore, there is a rich toolbox of enzymes for DNA manipulation and modification, such as nuclease, polymerases, and ligases, which can facilitate the assembly and functionalization of DNA-based materials.
Unlike other hydrogels, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images demonstrated that the DNA hydrogel had a hierarchical internal structure like a bird nest (Fig. After running RCA and MCA, the DNA chains got tangled up to form a DNA hydrogel. In the RCA process, Φ29 DNA polymerase used circular DNA as a template for the RCA reaction to synthesize a long ssDNA molecule, followed by multiprimed chain amplification (MCA). Pure DNA materials are entirely made up of DNA, whereas hybrid DNA materials are the combinations of DNA and other functional materials for special applications.In another work, we constructed a pure DNA hydrogel composed of elongated single-strand DNA through DNA chain elongation using the RCA method as shown in Fig. Depending on the components of the substrate, the DNA materials we have prepared are divided into two categories, pure DNA and hybrid DNA. The abovementioned unique advantages make DNA a promising material in DNA nanotechnology.Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells and make up the genetic material.In the following content, we shall focus on our recent work on the construction of DNA-based materials and their applications in diagnostics and therapy.
Due to the optical property of AgNCs, the resultant hybrid gel exhibited fluorescence under UV light. The AgNCs were formed at the DNA scaffolds in the RCA gel, resulting in a hybrid DNA hydrogel. We first designed a circular DNA as a template for the RCA reaction to produce elongated DNA chains, which generated a hydrogel network through physical entanglement. This work developed a new strategy to fabricate DNA meta-hydrogel using polymerase enzyme, and the gel had potential applications in manufacturing electric switches and flexible circuits.Then, we created a fluorescent hybrid DNA hydrogel by incorporating AgNC DNA into the RCA-elongated DNA strands (Fig. Unexpectedly, the gel exhibited unusual properties, i.e., when taking out the gel from water, it became liquid-like and accumulated at the bottom of the glass bottle however, when put back into water, it displayed solid-like properties and returned to its original shape (Fig.
In our recent work, we developed a type of magnetic DNA nanogel by fabricating an RCA-DNA nanogel layer on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) (Fig. Other nanomaterials such as magnetic nanoparticles have also been incorporated into the DNA hydrogel to endow them with novel properties. The good biocompatibility and fluorescence properties of the hybrid RCA gel endow it with great potential for use in biosensing, bioimaging, and tissue engineering.
The unique properties of DNA, for example, sequence programmability, enable ssDNA to hybridize with specific nucleic acids especially, the DNA aptamer can recognize and combine with protein. Various desirable characteristics of diagnostics assays require to be satisfied, including high specificity, high sensitivity, less time consumption, reproducibility, and multiplex detection capability. Recently, we have made considerable efforts to promote the practical applications of DNA-based sensors in the field of diagnostics and therapy.Molecular diagnostics is an important technology that can be applied in the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases. This work provided a universal method for fabricating a hybrid DNA nanogel that is responsive to stimuli such as magnetism, electricity, and light.The superiority of DNA materials endows them with significant potential in biomedicine, especially in biosensing. Our magnetic DNA nanogel exhibited good cellular uptake as well as low cytotoxicity, and therefore, it could be used as a vector for controlled drug delivery.
The hybridization of CCLB-DNA and T-DNA would generate an electrical frequency shift, and further hybridization of M-Fe 3O 4 and T-DNA could generate a signal amplification. The CCLB-DNA was immobilized on the gold chip of a quartz crystal monitor. We first constructed a chemically cross-linked branched DNA (CCLB-DNA) with sticky ends for specially capturing target DNA (T-DNA). We have recently developed a recyclable nucleic acid detection system using branched DNA as a probe based on special recognition of DNA (Fig.
However, the limited availability of primary and secondary antibody pairs seriously hinders the advancement of protein detection. Currently, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry are the common methods for protein detection, in which primary antibodies and labeled secondary antibodies are used. It was noteworthy that the chemically branched DNA probe could ensure structural integrity under denaturation conditions therefore, it enabled to recycle in practical applications.Protein detection has a great significance in disease diagnosis and differentiation in clinical medicine.
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